Mycorrhizae fungi form a symbiotic association with plant roots, where fungal hyphae penetrate and surround root cells to create arbuscules and vesicles. These structures act as nutrient exchange points, enabling the fungi to absorb phosphorus, zinc, and other micronutrients from the soil and deliver them to the plant. In return, the fungi receive carbohydrates from the plant. The extended hyphal network significantly increases the root’s absorptive surface area, improving nutrient and water uptake even from distant soil zones. This interaction enhances root growth, strengthens plant stress tolerance, and improves soil structure and microbial activity for sustained soil fertility.

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